{"id":3437,"date":"2018-04-26T18:15:28","date_gmt":"2018-04-26T18:15:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cusjc.ca\/catalyst\/?post_type=project&p=3437"},"modified":"2018-04-26T18:33:07","modified_gmt":"2018-04-26T18:33:07","slug":"richard-naud-profile","status":"publish","type":"project","link":"https:\/\/cusjc.ca\/catalyst\/project\/richard-naud-profile\/","title":{"rendered":"The Brain Whisperer: Richard Naud wants to crack the code to neural communication"},"content":{"rendered":"

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[\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”The Brain Whisperer” subhead=”Richard Naud wants to crack the code to neural communication” _builder_version=”3.2″ title_font_size=”91px” title_text_shadow_style=”preset1″ content_font_size=”26px” subhead_font_size=”41px” custom_margin=”-600px||300px|” text_shadow_style=”preset2″ background_color=”rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)” subhead_line_height=”1.5em” \/][et_pb_fullwidth_header _builder_version=”3.0.89″ text_orientation=”left” header_fullscreen=”off” header_scroll_down=”off” image_orientation=”center” background_layout=”dark” content_orientation=”center” title_font_size=”48px” custom_button_one=”off” button_one_icon_placement=”right” custom_button_two=”off” button_two_icon_placement=”right” custom_margin=”-300px|||” background_color=”rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)”]<\/p>\n

\u00a0By Kristian Kelly<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.0.47″ prev_background_color=”#000000″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.47″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.89″ background_layout=”light” custom_margin=”-75px||40px|”]<\/p>\n

Featured image by David Foltz, via\u00a0Flickr<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.89″ background_layout=”light” custom_margin=”||-50px|”]<\/p>\n

For Richard Naud, the human brain is an organ so complex, it\u2019s essentially a machine.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.89″ custom_margin=”-25px||-30px|”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.89″ background_layout=”light” custom_margin=”||-5px|”]<\/p>\n

The brain is made of hundreds of billions of nerve cells called neurons that send electrical signals across circuits in the brain. These neurons are connected by branched extensions called dendrites, which receive these signals and carry information to the cell body, which contains the nucleus of the nerve cell. The nucleus controls the cell activity — after it receives information, the neuron will send more signals to other neurons.<\/p>\n

These signals are how people interact with and react to the world around them. Each time someone moves, breathes, or thinks, it\u2019s due to neurons firing in their brain.<\/p>\n

These neurons communicate with each other, using a type of secret language that humans don\u2019t fully understand.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_image _builder_version=”3.0.89″ src=”https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b5\/Neuron.svg\/400px-Neuron.svg.png” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” force_fullwidth=”off” show_bottom_space=”on” \/][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.89″ background_layout=”light”]<\/p>\n

Illustration of a neuron, via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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It\u2019s the job of neuroscientists like Naud to \u201ccrack the neural code\u201d \u2013 to understand how neurons communicate.<\/p>\n

Naud, 35, is a researcher at the University of Ottawa\u2019s Brain and Mind Research Institute. He uses computer simulations to study how brain cells speak with each other.<\/p>\n

Since starting as an assistant professor at the University of Ottawa\u2019s faculty of medicine in 2016, Naud has been simulating how neurons are able to send two signals at the same time to different parts of the brain, a feat known as multiplexing.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m trying to understand how neurons process information in the brain,\u201d Naud explains from his office in Roger Guindon Hall. \u201cIf we understand how they treat information, we can understand how to read or interact with neurons.\u201d<\/p>\n

Neuroscience and Healthcare<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Although Naud largely deals with simulations of brain cells, his work has practical applications within healthcare.<\/p>\n

One student working under Naud\u2019s guidance, Ezekiel Williams, notes that Naud is exploring \u201cone of the last great unexplored frontiers in science\u201d through his work deciphering the brain.<\/p>\n

Williams, a mathematics and statistics Master\u2019s student at the University of Ottawa, said in an email that Naud\u2019s research in understanding how the brain processes information is \u201cabsolutely essential for the treatment of almost every neurological disorder.\u201d<\/p>\n

Naud notes that his work can help clinical researchers better understand how information is processed in regions of the brain when there is something going wrong in these brain areas.<\/p>\n

Naud\u2019s research also has applications for the development of brain-computer interfaces, or the communication and collaboration between a brain and an external device, which is a new field that is evolving rapidly.<\/p>\n

Once neuroscientists understand how the nervous system communicates, they\u2019re able to understand how to communicate back to the nervous system, Naud says. Using the same \u201clanguage\u201d as neurons, researchers can develop or improve technology like cochlear implants, which help deaf patients hear.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.0.89″ custom_margin=”5px||5px|”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.89″ background_layout=”light”]<\/p>\n

Getting to Know Naud<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Although he was always good at science, when Naud was growing up in Montreal, he was more artistic than he is now. He loved music, reading, writing, and theatre\u2026 just not as a career.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople thought I would actually go and study theatre,\u201d he says. \u201cIt never crossed my mind.\u201d<\/p>\n

Naud says his artistic background still has applications in his everyday work. He notes that in some ways, teaching is like theatre.<\/p>\n

He says he wouldn\u2019t have guessed he would end up teaching, because he was always so focused on what interested him in the moment to worry much about the future.<\/p>\n

Though he now considers himself a neuroscientist, when he first enrolled in McGill University as an undergraduate student, he was studying atmospheric science, which wasn\u2019t what he expected.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt looks wonderful to study clouds. There\u2019s just this romantic idea when you see clouds you wonder how they are \u2026 made,\u201d Naud says, \u201cbut in the end, the study of clouds is done on a computer, in a room closed without windows.\u201d<\/p>\n

Naud soon took his head out of the clouds, and he switched from atmospheric science into physics, though he also showed interest in geophysics, oceanography, and biophysics. This was all before his eventual discovery that the head proved more interesting than the clouds.<\/p>\n

After he earned his undergraduate degree in physics at McGill, he went on to pursue a Master\u2019s degree in physics at the same university.<\/p>\n

Naud says like many scientists, he is motivated by the search for discovery, knowledge, and truth.<\/p>\n

But eventually, the questions he was interested in asking changed.<\/p>\n

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Photo by Kristian Kelly.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Brain Science<\/strong><\/h3>\n

An avid reader, Naud read a book during his undergraduate studies which opened up new questions: The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat <\/em>by neurologist Oliver Sacks.<\/p>\n

Sacks\u2019s book is full of case studies of patients who have neurological disorders. The titular example is a man named \u201cDr. P\u201d who has visual agnosia, a disorder in which one\u2019s visual perception is impaired. Sacks tells the anecdote of how during one of their meetings, Dr. P, in his confusion, tried to place his wife\u2019s head upon his own like a hat.<\/p>\n

Naud says he was \u201cstunned\u201d by Sacks\u2019s portrayal of how everyday behaviours people take for granted can go wrong.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou realize \u2026 how fragile our nervous system really is, and how magical it is,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Naud completed his PhD in neuroscience at \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne in Switzerland, and did research work in Cambridge and Berlin before returning to Ottawa, a city he calls the \u201cfrontier\u201d for computational neuroscience, due to the number of Ottawa researchers working in the field.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_testimonial _builder_version=”3.0.89″ author=”Richard Naud” url_new_window=”off” quote_icon=”on” use_background_color=”on” quote_icon_background_color=”#f5f5f5″ background_layout=”light” job_title=”Computational neuroscientist”]<\/p>\n

You realize \u2026 how fragile our nervous system really is, and how magical it is.<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_testimonial][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.89″ background_layout=”light”]<\/p>\n

Colleagues and students describe Naud as someone who cares deeply about helping his students succeed.<\/p>\n

\u201cRichard has this mathematician, geeky vibe but he\u2019s extremely outgoing, helpful, and nice,\u201d said Simon Chen, Naud\u2019s friend and fellow professor at the University of Ottawa\u2019s faculty of medicine, in an email.<\/p>\n

As someone with experience in many scientific fields, Naud says it\u2019s a misconception that scientists are confined to only one particular discipline.<\/p>\n

\u201cTypically people are stunned that I could be studying neuroscience with a background in physics or mathematics.\u201d<\/p>\n

Naud insists neuroscience is a multidisciplinary field, with lots of overlap between subjects. His physics background gives him the insight to deal with theoretical problems within the realm of computational neuroscience.<\/p>\n

Naud says he partly decided to pursue neuroscience further because it\u2019s a relatively new field that offers many possibilities.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re attracted to those beautiful theories in science, because that\u2019s where things are done. It\u2019s where it\u2019s messy and actually a bit frustrating that you have more potential for discoveries,\u201d Naud says. \u201cIn neuroscience, clearly things were messy. People didn\u2019t know what neurons were doing, and still don\u2019t really know.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cracking the Code?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

For neuroscientists like Naud, the ultimate goal is to crack the neural code and be able to read a brain \u2013 but this sounds simpler than it is. Naud says the vast complexity of the brain makes cracking the code overwhelming.<\/p>\n

But he says it might be possible to decode the brain within his lifetime, due to advances in technology.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re making tremendous progress,\u201d says Naud, who adds that only twenty years ago, researchers could only record one neuron at a time. Now, they can record upwards of a thousand neurons, and the use of computers and mathematical frameworks help make sense of all the data.<\/p>\n

Still, scientists aren\u2019t able to observe everything in the brain, which is where simulations come in.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe need to simulate what we don\u2019t observe,\u201d Naud says.<\/p>\n

Naud\u2019s previous research involves using computer simulations of nerve cells to look at the ways in which noise, or variability, within neurons plays a role in communicating signals. Naud found that within the brain, dendrites and cell bodies exchange the responsibility of initiating responses, depending on the strength of the signal they receive.<\/p>\n

He says these findings on how brains process information could be applied to technology: how can we use noise to transmit signals in a more energy-efficient manner in devices like cell phones?<\/p>\n

Before any practical applications, though, Naud notes that work needs to be done to see if this process happens in real brain cells and not just simulations. The research he does is only one of many steps.<\/p>\n

Naud says his current research in understanding multiplexing will be critical to comprehending how the brain processes information and learns, and could also influence studies on schizophrenia and depression.<\/p>\n

\u201cI feel like I\u2019m touching a very elementary part of the neural code,\u201d Naud says.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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[et_pb_section bb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" specialty=\"off\" _builder_version=\"3.0.89\"][et_pb_fullwidth_image _builder_version=\"3.0.89\" src=\"https:\/\/cusjc.ca\/catalyst\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/281516702_fbc13affc3_o.jpg\" show_in_lightbox=\"off\" url_new_window=\"off\" use_overlay=\"off\" \/][et_pb_fullwidth_header _builder_version=\"3.0.89\" text_orientation=\"left\" header_fullscreen=\"off\" header_scroll_down=\"off\" image_orientation=\"center\" background_layout=\"light\" content_orientation=\"center\" custom_button_one=\"off\" button_one_icon_placement=\"right\" custom_button_two=\"off\" button_two_icon_placement=\"right\"]<\/p>

Featured image by David Foltz, via Flickr<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>

[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][et_pb_fullwidth_header _builder_version=\"3.0.89\" title=\"Cracking the Neural Code\" subhead=\"Understanding Richard Naud, who tries to understand brains\" text_orientation=\"left\" header_fullscreen=\"off\" header_scroll_down=\"off\" image_orientation=\"center\" background_layout=\"light\" content_orientation=\"center\" custom_button_one=\"off\" button_one_icon_placement=\"right\" custom_button_two=\"off\" button_two_icon_placement=\"right\"]<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

By Kristian Kelly<\/p>

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