{"id":72,"date":"2017-04-08T16:13:53","date_gmt":"2017-04-08T16:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cusjc.ca\/mrp\/code\/?page_id=72"},"modified":"2017-05-19T16:44:39","modified_gmt":"2017-05-19T16:44:39","slug":"chapter-1-rebels-empire","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cusjc.ca\/mrp\/code\/chapter-1-rebels-empire\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 1: Rebels in the Empire"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section admin_label=&#8221;Section&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_fullwidth_header admin_label=&#8221;Fullwidth Header&#8221; title=&#8221;CHAPTER 1 &#8221; subhead=&#8221;Rebels in the Empire &#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; header_fullscreen=&#8221;off&#8221; header_scroll_down=&#8221;off&#8221; scroll_down_icon=&#8221;;&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;off&#8221; content_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; image_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; title_font=&#8221;Roboto|on|||&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;65px&#8221; subhead_font=&#8221;Droid Sans||||&#8221; subhead_font_size=&#8221;40px&#8221; content_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_button_one=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_text_size=&#8221;20&#8243; button_one_letter_spacing=&#8221;0&#8243; button_one_use_icon=&#8221;default&#8221; button_one_icon_placement=&#8221;right&#8221; button_one_on_hover=&#8221;on&#8221; button_one_letter_spacing_hover=&#8221;0&#8243; custom_button_two=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_text_size=&#8221;20&#8243; button_two_letter_spacing=&#8221;0&#8243; button_two_use_icon=&#8221;default&#8221; button_two_icon_placement=&#8221;right&#8221; button_two_on_hover=&#8221;on&#8221; button_two_letter_spacing_hover=&#8221;0&#8243; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;] [\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;3&#8243; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_3=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_3=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_4=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_4=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u201cThis school is different in that there are no bells to tell you when things start and stop,\u201d says Sarah Sumner as she hurriedly pulls out drawers and rearranges desks. Her first class of the day is with the Grade 5 and 6 students, the oldest children that she teaches. And while Sumner has a master\u2019s degree in mathematics from the University of Ottawa, arithmetic isn\u2019t on today\u2019s agenda at Acad\u00e9mie\u00a0de la\u00a0Capitale, a private elementary school in Ottawa\u2019s west end.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Indeed, pencils, pens and paper are notably absent. Instead, groups of two or three students each gather around a computer. Here, they use computer programming to animate characters and tell stories. Off to the side there\u2019s a seemingly more traditional educational tool: a shoebox that houses a diorama. But there\u2019s a twist: the diorama is hooked up to the computer, so the students are able to press buttons on their model that will control the characters on the screen.<\/p>\n<p>In one corner, Grade 6 students Ethan, Sam and Ephraim have created a space station using\u00a0<a href=\"..\/glossary\/\">Scratch<\/a>, a program designed by MIT. Ethan speaks into the computer, recording a voiceover as an alien. \u201cI\u2019m from planet Pluto,\u201d he cackles. After a passionate debate about whether or not Pluto is actually a planet, the group decides that the recording is sufficient.<\/p>\n<p>Ethan, Sam and Ephraim, along with their colleagues, are learning the basics of computer coding twice a week, in their science, technology, engineering and mathematics unit. It\u2019s an experience not available to public elementary school students in Ontario.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;3&#8243; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_3=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_3=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_4=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_4=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_code admin_label=&#8221;Audio&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;]&lt;iframe width=&#8221;100%&#8221; height=&#8221;450&#8243; scrolling=&#8221;no&#8221; frameborder=&#8221;no&#8221; src=&#8221;https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/286228480&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false&amp;visual=true&#8221;&gt;&lt;\/iframe&gt;[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;3&#8243; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_3=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_3=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_4=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_4=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>At its core, computer coding is the art of using a computer to adhere to commands. As multiple industries lean towards a more digital future, a premium has been put on the ability to use computers.<\/p>\n<p>British Columbia recently released a three-year plan to institute the option to teach computer coding in schools for all children from kindergarten to Grade 12. Ontario has been hesitant to revamp the education curriculum despite the fact that it is home to one of the country\u2019s largest tech sectors. In the 2011 census, the \u2018professional, scientific and technical services\u2019 industry was the fourth largest employer of people in Ottawa.<\/p>\n<p>Currently, some, but not all, Ontario public schools offer computer studies electives for students in Grades 10 through 12. Though education is decided within provincial jurisdictions, federal studies have recently highlighted a few employment trends.<\/p>\n<p>A study funded by the federal government\u2019s Sectoral Initiatives Program in 2015 projected that provinces across the country will require an\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.itworldcanada.com\/article\/canada-needs-182000-people-to-fill-these-it-positions-by-2019\/287535\">additional 182,000 ICT (information and communications talent) by 2019<\/a>. In Ontario, the study predicted 76,300 ICT positions \u2013 the largest by far of the provinces \u2013 would need to be filled in the next five years.<\/p>\n<p>For its part, the Ontario Ministry of Education says it is committed to computer technology education. \u201cWe are committed to continuing to work with our education partners and district school boards to promote effective practices for teaching and learning in a digital world,\u201d says May Nazar, a public relations representative for the ministry. \u201cThat\u2019s why we are investing $150 million over three years toward technology in our schools, including learning tools such as digital tablets, cameras, software, and extra training for teachers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;3&#8243; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_3=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_3=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_4=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_4=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_code admin_label=&#8221;ICT Tableau&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;]<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/public.tableau.com\/views\/Projected2019ICTJobsbyProvince\/Dashboard1?:embed=y&amp;:display_count=yess&amp;:showVizHome=no\" width=\"1205\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;3&#8243; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_3=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_3=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_4=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_4=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, on a Saturday afternoon, across town from where Sumner holds court, a security guard rides an elevator up a Bank Street office building with a group of children. He\u2019s bringing them to Steve Lavigne, a veteran computer programmer who runs a computer coding camp every weekend.<\/p>\n<p>Lavigne started Kids &amp; Code two years ago, when just three kids took the elevator ride up. The marketing efforts were more or less restricted to word of mouth and <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/PappaLavigne\">Lavigne\u2019s Twitter account<\/a>, but these days the free camps fill up on Eventbrite within a day.<\/p>\n<p>Like Sumner, Lavigne starts up his camp goers in <a href=\"..\/glossary\/\">Scratch<\/a><strong>, <\/strong>and often moves them over to CoderDojo, a global program started in Ireland that makes it easy for beginners to learn code. Recently Lavigne and company started developing their own curriculum that is an amalgamation of the two, usually involving the end goal of a big project.<\/p>\n<p>Lavigne and his crew of two or three wander around the crowd of children and their parents, supplying the former with cookies and juice boxes and the latter with coffee while helping out when they are needed. Parents of children under 12 must attend with their children not only because Lavigne, who is a father, \u201cdoesn\u2019t want it to be like a babysitting situation,\u201d but also because it\u2019s easier for parents to help their kids when they go home.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMost of the parents have no idea what they\u2019re doing when it comes to code and stuff, but at least if they\u2019re here and see it, they can grasp something more than a young child can, so at least they can kind of point them in the right direction.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;3&#8243; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; 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show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;right&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_width=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;] [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image admin_label=&#8221;Image&#8221; src=&#8221;http:\/\/cusjc.ca\/mrp\/code\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2017\/04\/IMG_9238.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_width=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][et_pb_image admin_label=&#8221;Image&#8221; src=&#8221;http:\/\/cusjc.ca\/mrp\/code\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2017\/04\/IMG_9285.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_width=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;] [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image admin_label=&#8221;Image&#8221; src=&#8221;http:\/\/cusjc.ca\/mrp\/code\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2017\/04\/IMG_9315.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_width=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;1080px&#8221; custom_width_percent=&#8221;80%&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;3&#8243; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_3=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_3=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_4=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_4=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; disabled=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s clear that inroads are being made in Ontario towards coding, but how far that will extend is, right now, left to individuals.<\/p>\n<p>Lavigne grew up and went to school in North Bay, about four hours northwest of Ottawa. When he applied to colleges in the area in 2001, most institutions offered computer-programming classes. He took a three-year diploma program in computer programming at Canadore College. The school has since cancelled the program. \u201cI was like \u2018that doesn\u2019t make a whole lot of sense,\u2019 and it was just from turnout,\u201d recalls Lavigne.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSo I looked at my high school, where they used to have some coding clubs and things. It was small, just put on by the teachers, but they kind of slowed down and stopped on those things too, so then I started doing the research in the (United) States with <a href=\"https:\/\/code.org\/\">code.org<\/a> and the research they were doing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Lavigne says research found that people weren\u2019t being exposed to computer programming in high school, and in most cases didn\u2019t enrol in related programs in college. As a result, many of the college programs got cancelled. \u201cAnd more of like, well, no one wants to be a computer programmer because even in grade school and high school, they don\u2019t get exposure to it, then people aren\u2019t signing up for it in college, the college isn\u2019t getting enough money, so they cancel the programs.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSo I thought \u2018if that\u2019s the chain, how is anyone going to learn anything? How is the federal government in Canada going to run all their mainframe systems if everyone who does it retires? Who\u2019s going to do those things?&#8217;\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While the federal government&#8217;s most recent budget had a section entitled \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.budget.gc.ca\/2017\/docs\/plan\/chap-01-en.html#Toc477707335\">Teaching Kids to Code<\/a>,\u201d it\u2019s not known how the funds announced \u2014 $50 million over the next two school years \u2014 will be allotted.<\/p>\n<p>While Finance Canada indicated that Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada would allocate the funds, the latter ministry did not give comment on the plans for that money.<\/p>\n<p>As Ontario decides whether or not to dip its toe into developing a computer-coding curriculum, the province might look out west for lessons.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cThis school is different in that there are no bells to tell you when things start and stop,\u201d says Sarah Sumner as she hurriedly pulls out drawers and rearranges desks. Her first class of the day is with the Grade 5 and 6 students, the oldest children that she teaches. And while Sumner has a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-72","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chapter 1: Rebels in the Empire - Learning a new language: Should Ontario embrace computer coding education<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cusjc.ca\/mrp\/code\/chapter-1-rebels-empire\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chapter 1: Rebels in the Empire - Learning a new language: Should Ontario embrace computer coding education\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cThis school is different in that there are no bells to tell you when things start and stop,\u201d says Sarah Sumner as she hurriedly pulls out drawers and rearranges desks. 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