Acknowledgements and bibliography

This project would not have been possible without the help of a few exceptional people:

To my supervisor, Chris Waddell, who spent many late nights reviewing my work in it’s very early stages and not giving up. Chris, this project would not have been possible without your dedication and witty feedback that made me smile and pushed me to dig deeper into the story.

To Kathryn O’Hara, who provided insightful feedback on my original proposal and reminded me of the importance of learning from our history, particularly in examining the concept of harm reduction; and to Roger Martin for sitting beside me, working through the technical glitches and adding your touch to make my vision for this project a reality—thank you!

To all sources involved in this project; particularly Michael, Adey and Hasnain who let me in to your personal lives.

Christine Czoli and Caroline Franck for transforming the technological jargon into plain English—thank you!

A special thanks to the team at 180Smoke who remained professional and allowed me to film in their shop, despite the controversial nature of this topic.

With the ever evolving research and regulation on e-cigarettes, interviewing was no easy feat. Thanks to all who kept up to date with the most recent studies.

Bibliography

A

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Ackerman, Kate. Phone interview. Jan. 16, 2016.

Ackerman, Kate. Phone interview. Mar. 29, 2016.

Allen, Joseph G., Skye S. Flanigan, Mallory Leblanc, Jose Vallarino, Piers Macnaughton, James H. Stewart, and David C. Christiani. “Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes.” EHP Environmental Health Perspectives (2015). Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Asbestos.” International Programme on Chemical Safety. World Health Organization. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

 

B

“Backgrounder on WHO Report on Regulation of E-cigarettes and Similar Products.” World Health Organization. 26 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

Bailey, Adey. Personal interview. Personal interview. Jan. 23, 2016.

Bergen, Paul. Emailed response. Nov. 11, 2015.

Bhatnagar, Gopal. Phone interview. Jan. 15, 2016.

Bhatnagar, Gopal. Personal interview. Feb. 16. 2016.

“Bill 14 – 2015: TOBACCO CONTROL AMENDMENT ACT, 2015.” Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Province of British Columbia. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Bill 45: An Act to Enhance Public Health by Enacting the Healthy Menu Choices Act, 2015 and the Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2015 and by Amending the Smoke-Free Ontario Act.” Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Province of Ontario. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Bill No. 9, An Act to Amend the Smoke-free Places Act.” Legislative Assembly of PEI. Prince Edward Island. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Bill No. 10, An Act to Amend the Tobacco Sales and Access Act” Legislative Assembly of PEI. Prince Edward Island. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Bill No. 44: An Act to Bolster Tobacco Control.” National Assembly of Québec. Province of Quebec. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Bill No. 60 Smoke-free Places Act (amended) and Tobacco Access Act (amended) *.” The Nova Scotia Legislature. Province of Nova Scotia. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Boseley, Sarah. “Public Health England under Fire for Saying E-cigarettes Are 95% Safer.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 28 Aug. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Bullen, C., H. Mcrobbie, S. Thornley, M. Glover, R. Lin, and M. Laugesen. “Effect of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (e Cigarette) on Desire to Smoke and Withdrawal, User Preferences and Nicotine Delivery: Randomised Cross-over Trial.” Tobacco Control 19.2 (2010): 98-103. BMJ Global Health. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

Bunnell, R. E., I. T. Agaku, R. A. Arrazola, B. J. Apelberg, R. S. Caraballo, C. G. Corey, B. N. Coleman, S. R. Dube, and B. A. King. “Intentions to Smoke Cigarettes Among Never-Smoking US Middle and High School Electronic Cigarette Users: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011-2013.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 17.2 (2014): 228-35. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

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C

Cameron, J. M., D. N. Howell, J. R. White, D. M. Andrenyak, M. E. Layton, and J. M. Roll. “Variable and Potentially Fatal Amounts of Nicotine in E-cigarette Nicotine Solutions.” Tobacco Control 23.1 (2013): 77-78. Web. 11 Apr. 2016

Caponnetto, Pasquale, Davide Campagna, Gabriella Papale, Cristina Russo, and Riccardo Polosa. “The Emerging Phenomenon of Electronic Cigarettes.” Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 6.1 (2012): 63-74. Taylor & Francis Online. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

“Carry-On Baggage.” Air Canada. Air Canada. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Carry-on baggage.” WestJet. WestJet. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Cavalieri, Walter. Phone interview. Mar. 18, 2016.

Cobb, Nathan K., and David B. Abrams. “E-Cigarette or Drug-Delivery Device? Regulating Novel Nicotine Products.” New England Journal of Medicine N Engl J Med 365.3 (2011): 193-95. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Collishaw, Neil. “History of Tobacco Control in Canada.” Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

“CVA Update.” Canadian Vaping Association. Kealey & Associates. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Czoli CD, Reid JL, Rynard VL, Hammond D. “E-cigarettes in Canada – Tobacco Use in Canada: Patterns and Trends, 2015 Edition, Special Supplement.” Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo. 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

Czoli, Christine. Phone interview. Nov. 25, 2015.

Czoli, Christine. Personal interview. Dec. 18, 2015.

 

D

“Dangerous goods – Restricted/prohibited.” Air Transat. Air Transat. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Demick, Barbara. “A High-tech Approach to Getting a Nicotine Fix.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 25 Apr. 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

digitalmeals. “(6) Smoke Atmosphere HD | Free Stock Footage | digital.meals” Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 24 May, 2014. Web. 1 Feb., 2016.

Domonkos, Victoria. Emailed response. Mar. 15, 2016

Dunworth, James. “An Interview with the Inventor of the Electronic Cigarette, Herbert A Gilbert.” Ashtray Blog. 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

 

E

“E-cigarettes and health: the jury is still out.” Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“E-cigarette industry booming in Saskatchewan.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 14 Aug. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“E-cigarette legislation coming for N.L., says Premier Paul Davis.” CBCNews. CBC/Radio-Canada. 19 May 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“E-cigarettes explained.” Nicorette. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“E-quitting.” McGill Reporter. McGill University. 3 Feb. 2016. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“ECTA E-liquid testing standards.” Electronic Cigarette Trade Association of Canada. Electronic Cigarette Trade Association of Canada. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

 

F

“Fire risk of electronic cigarettes in checked baggage on board an aircraft.” Transport Canada. Government of Canada. Feb. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Flouris, Andreas D., Maria S. Chorti, Konstantina P. Poulianiti, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas, Konstantinos Kostikas, Manolis N. Tzatzarakis, A. Wallace Hayes, Aristidis M. Tsatsakis, and Yiannis Koutedakis. “Acute Impact of Active and Passive Electronic Cigarette Smoking on Serum Cotinine and Lung Function.” Inhalation Toxicology 25.2 (2013): 91-101. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

Franck, Caroline. Phone interview. Jan. 14, 2016.

Franck, Caroline. Phone interview. Mar. 18, 2016.

 

G

Gagnon, André. Emailed response. Feb. 10, 2016.

Gagnon, André. Phone interview. Mar 21, 2015.

Gil, Michael. Air Canada. 2010. Flickr Creative Commons. Flickr. Web. April 10, 2016.

Gilman, Sean. Phone interview. Dec. 29, 2015.

Glantz, Stanton. Phone interview. Jan. 25, 2016.

Goniewicz, Maciej L., Elena O. Lingas, and Peter Hajek. “Patterns of Electronic Cigarette Use and User Beliefs about Their Safety and Benefits: An Internet Survey.” Drug and Alcohol Review Drug Alcohol Rev. 32.2 (2012): 133-40. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Goriounova, N. A., and H. D. Mansvelder. “Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Nicotine Exposure during Adolescence for Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Network Function.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2.12 (2012). Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

 

H

Hampartzoumian , Michael. Phone interview. Jan. 18, 2016.

Hampartzoumian, Michael. Personal interview. Feb. 20, 2016.

Hampartzoumian, Michael. Phone interview. Mar. 11, 2016.

H, P. “A Case of the Vapers.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 17 Mar. 2014. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

Hasnain, Ghulam. Personal interview. Feb. 14, 2016.

“Hawk Sauce E Juice Baker Vapor.” Mt Baker Vapor. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Healy, Damien. Emailed response. Mar. 15, 2016.

“Heart and Stroke Foundation: E-cigarettes in Canada.” Heart and Stroke Foundation. Sept. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Herbert, Gilbert A. Smokeless Non-tobacco Cigarette. Gilbert Herbert A.,     assignee. Patent US3200819 A. 17 Aug. 1965. Web.

“Honey Berries E Juice Baker Vapor.” Mt Baker Vapor. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Hucher, Keith. Personal interview. Feb. 14, 2016.

 

I

“Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd. Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. v. Conseil Quebecois sur le tabac et le sante, Jean-Yves Blais, Cecilia Letourneau.” Court of Appeal. Conseil Quebecois sur le tabac et le sante. 27 Oct. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

 

J

Janz, Teresa. “Current Smoking Trends.” Statistics Canada Catalogue 82 (2015). Statistics Canada, 27 Nov. 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

 

K

Kalkhoran, Sara, and Stanton A. Glantz. “E-cigarettes and Smoking Cessation in Real-world and Clinical Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 4.2 (2016): 116-28. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Kaplan, Jennifer. “Five Charts That Show the Tobacco-Stock Rally May Be Flaming Out.” Bloomberg Online. Bloomberg. 14 Mar. 2016. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Kitamura, Makiko. “Glaxo Memo Shows Drug Industry Lobbying on E-Cigarettes.” Bloomberg Online. Bloomberg. 19 Feb. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

 

L

Lacombe, Martin. Phone interview. Mar. 29, 2016.

Lauer, Sara. Email interview. Mar. 24, 2016.

 

M

McDonald, JC. “Mesothelioma and Asbestos Exposure.” Malignant Mesothelioma. Ed. Alison McDonald. Springer, 2005. 267-92. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Mcdonald, J. Corbett. “Tremolite, Other Amphiboles, and Mesothelioma.” Am. J. Ind. Med. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 14.2 (1988): 247-49. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

McNeill, A., LS Brose, R. Calder, SC Hitchman, P. Hajek, and H. McRobbie. “E-cigarettes: An Evidence Update A Report Commissioned by Public Health England.” Public Health England, Aug. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Mickle, Tripp. “E-Cigarette Sales Rapidly Lose Steam.” WSJ Online. The Wall Street Journal. 17 Nov. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Mickle, Tripp. “FDA Cloud Hangs Over Vape Shops.” WSJ Online. The Wall Street Journal. 7 Jul. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Monkeys Spinning Monkeys” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Mozart, Mike. No vaping sign. 2015. Flickr Creative Commons. Flickr. Web. 10 April, 2016.

 

N

Nixon, Mike. Emailed response. Mar. 24, 2016.

“Nova Scotia drops Parts of E-cigarette Legislation.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 05 Nov. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2016

 

O

“On-board policies.” Via Rail. Via Rail Canada. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A., Drew Payne, Zachary Mulkey, and Kenneth Nugent. “Electronic Cigarettes—A Narrative Review for Clinicians.” The American Journal of Medicine 128.7 (2015): 674-81. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

 

P

“Patent US3200819 – Smokeless Non-tobacco Cigarette.” Google Patents. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

Pearson, Jennifer L., Amanda Richardson, Raymond S. Niaura, Donna M. Vallone, and David B. Abrams. “E-Cigarette Awareness, Use, and Harm Perceptions in US Adults.” Am J Public Health American Journal of Public Health 102.9 (2012): 1758-766. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Pollay, Richard W. “Targeting youth and concerned smokers: evidence from Canadian tobacco industry documents.” Tobacco Control 9 (2000): 136-147. 10 Nov. 1999. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Polosa, Riccardo, Pasquale Caponnetto, Jaymin B. Morjaria, Gabriella Papale, Davide Campagna, and Cristina Russo. “Effect of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (e-Cigarette) on Smoking Reduction and Cessation: A Prospective 6-month Pilot Study.” BMC Public Health 11.1 (2011): 786. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Pratt, Sarah I., James Sargent, Luke Daniels, Meghan M. Santos, and Mary Brunette. “Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes in Smokers with Serious Mental Illness.” Addictive Behaviors 59 (2016): 30-34. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

 

R

“R. v. Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd.” Supreme Court Judgments. Supreme Court of Canada. 29 Jul. 2011. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Regan, A. K., G. Promoff, S. R. Dube, and R. Arrazola. “Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Adult Use and Awareness of the ‘e-cigarette’ in the USA.” Tobacco Control 22.1 (2011): 19-23. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Rowell, Temperance R., Shernita Lee, and Robert Tarran. “Select E-Cigarette Flavors Alter Calcium Signaling, Cell Viability And Proliferation In Lung Epithelia.” American Thoracic Society International Conference (2015). ATS Journals. American Thoracic Society. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Reminder: Changes to Smoking Legislation Take Effect July 1.” Government of New Brunswick. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

 

S

Saffari, Arian, Nancy Daher, Ario Ruprecht, Cinzia De Marco, Paolo Pozzi, Roberto Boffi, Samera H. Hamad, Martin M. Shafer, James J. Schauer, Dane Westerdahl, and Constantinos Sioutas. “Particulate Metals and Organic Compounds from Electronic and Tobacco-containing Cigarettes: Comparison of Emission Rates and Secondhand Exposure.” Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 16.10 (2014): 2259-267. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Schripp, T., D. Markewitz, E. Uhde, and T. Salthammer. “Does E-cigarette Consumption Cause Passive Vaping?” Indoor Air 23.1 (2012): 25-31. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Propylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Monostearate.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Smokers, by sex, provinces and territories.” Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 7 Mar. 2016. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Smoking.” The City of Emonton. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Smoking & Tobacco Use.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 Dec. 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

“Smoking ban legislation in Canadian provinces and municipal bylaws in select cities.” Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 1 Dec. 2008. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Spy Glass” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Stanwick, Richard. “E-cigarettes: Are we renormalizing public smoking? Reversing five decades of tobacco control and nicotine dependency in children and youth in Canada.” Pediatric Child Health 20.2 (2015): 101-105. 6 Mar. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Study of the Market Size and Growth Trends of the Nicotine-Based Vaping Products Market in Canada (1000174110).” Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Acquisitions Branch, Office of Small and Medium Enterprises and Strategic Engagement. 23 Mar. 2016. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

Sutfin, Erin L., Thomas P. Mccoy, Holly E.r. Morrell, Bettina B. Hoeppner, and Mark Wolfson. “Electronic Cigarette Use by College Students.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 131.3 (2013): 214-21. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Sweanor, David. Phone interview. Jan. 19, 2016

Sweanor, David. Phone interview. Feb. 9, 2016.

Sweanor, David. Personal interview. Feb. 26, 2016.

Sweanor, David. Phone interview. Mar. 27, 2016.

 

T

Tams, Kim. “Alberta teen injured after he says e-cigarette exploded.” Global News. Global News. 26 Jan. 2016. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Tax Revenues from Tobacco Sales.” Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada. Dec. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“The E-Cigarettes Market: Past, Present and Future.” Euromonitor Research. Euromonitor International. 23 June 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“The Global Cigarette Industry.” Tobacco Free Kids. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Sept. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

“Tobacco.” World Health Organization. 6 July 2015. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

“Tobacco Act (S.C. 1997, C. 13).” Justice Laws Website. Government of Canada. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

“Travel Information.” Fly Sunwing. Sunwing Airlines. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

Trehy, Michael L., Wei Ye, Michael E. Hadwiger, Terry W. Moore, James F. Allgire, Jeffrey T. Woodruff, Shafiq S. Ahadi, John C. Black, and Benjamin J. Westenberger. “Analysis Of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges, Refill Solutions, And Smoke For Nicotine And Nicotine Related Impurities.” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 34.14 (2011): 1442-458. Web. 11 Apr. 2016

 

V to Z

“Vaping : Towards a Regulatory Framework for E-cigarettes.” Parliament of Canada. House of Commons Committees – HESA (41-2). Web. 10 Apr. 2016.

“Vapour devices and e-Cigarettes in the Global Tobacco Market.” Euromonitor Research. Euromonitor International. 22 June 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

West, Robert, and Jamie Brown. “Electronic cigarettes: fact and faction.” British Journal of General Practice 64 (2014): 442-43. Sept. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.

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